Chicken of the Sea Company Essay

Discussion Questions 1. Discuss the consumer decision making process for a product such as canned/packaged tuna and the response hierarchy model this is most likely to be applicable in the purchase of this product. * Consumers of packaged tuna usually go through the low-involvement hierarchy. Unless consumers have loyalty to a certain brand, they usually pick the product with the lowest price. Tuna is not something that will cause consumers to go though cognitive dissonance because of the low-involvement hierarchy. 2. Discuss the role integrated marketing communications plays in the marketing of canned/packaged tuna for a company such as Chicken of the Sea International. How might the company use the various IMC tools as part of its marketing program? * The role IMC plays in marketing canned/packaged tuna is to establish brand identity and equity. Chicken of the Sea has a target market of women usually 25-54 years old. The idea of promoting the product with the use of Jessica Simpson will help to promote the product to different target audiences, in order to create brand awareness. The company established a budget for hiring Simpson at $11 million in 2004.   Then they must develop an integrated market communications program before implementing the strategies. The company will then implement the strategies through ads on television, radio etc. The company then must monitor and evaluate the program in order to assure that hiring Simpson is benefiting the company and brand identity. 3. Discuss how Chicken of the Sea’s marketing personnel and advertising agency might evaluate the appropriateness of using Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson for the company and whether she is a good fit for the brand. * Chicken of the Sea’s marketing personnel and advertising agency has a lot to evaluate when deciding whether Jessica Simpson is right for their brand. The company was worried if Simpson’s ditzy reputation was something that they wanted representing their products. Chicken of the Sea’s target market usually consists of 25 to 54 year old women and since Simpson is popular among teens, they were not sure how their target market would react to her.   They also had to evaluate how they were going to use Jessica Simpson when promoting the product. The company was nervous that advertising Simpson through television commercials was going to be too expensive and too risky. 4. Discuss the pros and cons of Chicken of the Sea International hiring Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson for the company. Can the company  afford to hire her and spend the money on TV advertising to use her effectively? * Jessica Simpson could be an asset to Chicken of the Sea. Having her as a spokesperson could bring in new customers and establish brand awareness to people outside of their target market. If the company feels that having Simpson on television commercials to promote the product is expensive, they can utilize her singing talents and have a new Chicken of the Sea jingle. The jingle could be played on the radio and it will reach many different audiences. The downside to having Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson is that Simpson’s personality may not agree with the company’s target market that is usually very loyal to the brand. In addition, hiring Simpson as the spokesperson would cost at least one million dollars. If the marketing plan fails, this could r esult in a massive loss. 5. What would you do if you were Don George? Would you recommend that the company hire Simpson as a spokesperson? Why or why not? * The pros of hiring Jessica Simpson as a spokesperson can definitely outweigh the cons. Simpson generated a great deal of buzz from her television by not being able to differentiate between chicken and tuna. Many people heard about it even if they did not follow the show. Don George should capitalize on that buzz and hire Simpson. Not only could she be promoted through television commercials, but she could be used in radio advertisements and magazines. Although these advertisements are expensive, using Simpson should generate brand awareness that could give Chicken of the Sea advantage over its competitors and generate revenue.

Michelangelo buonarroti

Michelangelo Buonarroti lived in the Renaissance period an epoch which spanned between the 15th and sixteenth century and saw the metempsychosis or resurgence of the Greek and Roman style.This manner had been generated back in the fourteenth century by the Italian poet Petrarch who had divided history into three ages: from the â€Å" the aureate age of classical antiquity, the dark age after the Roman imperium collapsed and his ain modern age when the values of antiquity were reborn † . Artists began to near pictures and sculptures with a more scientific oculus, turning their dorsums towards the traditional, mediaeval manner of picturing infinites in a religious manner.The resurgence sees its beginning in Italy, in peculiar in Florence where rich bankers and merchandisers who took pride in their part to society, began to committee plants of art from pictures, frescos and sculptures for churches, castles and even for their ain homes.The Renaissance besides saw the birth of new pictures techniques, the evolvement of oil pigment meant creative persons were no longer committed to utilizing egg poster paint and therefore free to research the layering of colorss. The find of the Torahs of position, based on mathematical computations, alternatively brought deepness and proportion to a space.Linear one point position in fact became an built-in portion of all pictures throughout the fifteenth century.Artists like Raphael relied entirely on the simple on-point position tool to expose his forms in infinite and give them a three dimensional experience a manner clearly seeable in his ‘School of Athens ‘ . During the full fifteenth century Florence was the Centre of humanistic disciplines in Italy which saw many creative persons like Massaccio for picture, Donatello in sculpture and Brunelleschi for architecture taking the alteration in style.Rome alternatively at this clip was confronting political jobs ; in fact the pontificate had been transferred to France from 1309 boulder clay 1377 and merely was it subsequently, in the sixteenth century, to reflect gloriously thanks to the attempts of Pope Julius II, known as the warrior male monarch but besides one of the most celebrated frequenters of the humanistic disciplines. Together with his designer Bramante and creative persons like Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo Da Vinci, he contributed to the rise of the High Renaissance Style which was to convey Rome as the taking Centre of the humanistic disciplines projecting a shadow over its rival Florence.He in fact laid the foundation rock for St. Peter ‘s Basilica, had painted the Ra phael Rooms, and had the Sistine chapel ceilings painted by Michelangelo. Towards the in-between sixteenth century, the High Renaissance period saw creative persons like Michelangelo desiring to interrupt free from the cardinal position manner, animating three dimensional infinites simply with shading and foreshortening. Rich and streamlined curtain would embroider the scene and architectural position, if any, would be represented with little hints of perspective therefore arousing a two point position without though the usage of a additive, geometric grid. Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in 1475 at Caprese in Italy.Second of four kids was descendant from the Counts of Canossa, a baronial and celebrated household of Reggio.His male parent, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni was the magistrate of Caprese and Chiusi, whilst his female parent Francesca di Neri di ser Miniato del Sera is non mentioned by Condivi or Vassari, Michelangelo ‘s biographers, if non to go through up that she had died whilst Michelangelo was a immature kid. In fact Michelangelo was given to a wet nurse who non merely was the girl of a rock Carver but besides had married one.This must hold greatly influenced Michelangelo to the huge creative activities he was to gestate subsequently when merely merely a adolescent. In fact harmonizing to Vasari, Michelangelo one time quoted â€Å" I sucked in chisels and cocks with my nurse ‘s milk † . His male parent tried to take Michelangelo towards the universe of letters, directing him to the celebrated school of Francesco da Urbino in Florence, but Michelangelo ‘s artistic nature was to pull him towards painting.His friend, Franceso Granacci seeing his artistic gift, enticed him to abandon his surveies by exciting him with other artistic sights. He showed him the plants of Domenico Ghirlandaio, considered one of the leasing Masterss at the clip, whose workshops he attended.This led Michelangelo to abandon his class making mayhem in his household who were really distressed at his pick. In 1488 Michelangelo began his three twelvemonth apprenticeship in Domenico Ghirlandaio ‘s workshop.Here he learnt to pull, pigment and was introduced to the art of frescoing. For a long period he copied the plants of past celebrated creative persons. He shortly began to outshine his fellow bookmans and even his maestro who became more and more covetous of his accomplishments. After a twelvemonth, likely due to their frequent struggles and because he wished to go a sculpture, that Michelangelo left the apprenticeship and began to work for Lorenzo De Medici, frequenter of the humanistic disciplines and swayer of Florence at the clip. Here he began to develop his accomplishments as a sculpture. Unlike Ghiberti and Donatello, who sculptured their figures on really typical analogue planes, Michelangelo was able to put his figures so that they merged effortlessly into eternity making a sense of existent infinite. He was besides able to make motion, such as with â€Å" the Battle of Centaurs, where limbs â€Å" bit by bit extended themselves and no longer belonged to different planes. â€Å" His mastermind was being able to visualize within a piece of marble a finished three dimensional object, without the usage of drawings. With the â€Å" Bacchus † the musculuss lost the rigidness of ancient theoretical accounts, and became softer and more rounded†¦ ..the strength that can be detected in the muscular structure, which is suppressed in some points and relaxed in others, † He acquired an unbelievable cognition of human anatomy thanks to his visits to the Hospital of Santo Spirito where he would dissect and analyze corpses.Unlike his predecessors who created stiff and unreal word pictures of the human organic structure, he was able to reproduce accurately and harmoniously the articulation of the limbs and articulations. Both pieces reflect his mastermind in portraying the human organic structure in its fullest, stressing musculus tone, ligaments and articulations. We besides can look up to his accomplishment in making curtain that was so full of motion, like in the Pieta ‘ . It was n't though until 1508 that he was to confront his greatest challenge, one that he was n't passionate about and was practically forced to set about by the Papacy of the clip, to paint the Sistine Chapel Ceiling. The Sistine Chapel is a rectangular shaped edifice, mensurating 41 m by 13,5 m built by Pope Sixtus VI between 1475 and 1483 and is said to reflect the dimensions of the temple of Salomon. The sides were painted in 1481 by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio and Rosselli and subsequently by Signorelli. The ceiling alternatively is thought to hold been painted originally by the creative person Pier Matteo D'Amelia who depicted the ceiling with a starry sky, a method used by creative persons in the thirteenth and 14th century for Gothic ceilings. In 1508 Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the chapel.He reluctantly began to work on the ceiling with the aid of a few of his sure Florentine friends who really able in the art of frescoing.It must be remembered that Michelangelo for the last 20 old ages had been restricted to sculpturing and his lone preparation in frescoing went back to his childhood old ages in the Ghirlandaio workshop. Not merely did Michelangelo hold to larn the fresco technique but besides some really impressive position technique sing his figures had to be painted on a barrel vaulted ceiling at 60 pess from the ground.The Fresco technique consists of the creative person painting straight on freshly laid plaster, â€Å" intonaco † , so that one time the plaster is dry, the pigment becomes an built-in portion of the wall.The creative person transportations his paper drawings to the walls and pricks the surface along the lineations of the images. Such holes are so dusted with a b ag of carbon black ( spolvero ) to reproduce points on the walls ‘ surface. The creative person so joins the lines to reproduce the drawing accurately. Pope Julius expected him to picture the 12 apostles but alternatively Michelangelo was able to convert him that such an huge ceiling deserved an impressive work of art, worthy of its grandeur.Here he portrayed the narrative of human sort before the reaching of Jesus Christ. He began painting from the entryway of the chapel towards the communion table completing with the below lunettes picturing inactive figures in speculation. The cardinal portion of the domed ceiling characteristics nine squares in assorted sizes, exemplifying the journey of human sort from the creative activity of the universe to the beginning of wickedness and its effects. He focused his work wholly on the human figure and hence landscapes and architecture were practically omitted. It can be noticed how he left plentifulness of infinite around his figures, making a tract for the human oculus to inquire mediate and around his figures, making necessarily motion in the spectator. He conceived false architectonic squa res called â€Å" quadri riportati † which resemble framed easel images, inhabited by existent figures traveling about their different activities.Here Michelangelo reminds us of his sculpturing mastermind, where the figures he depicts move towards the spectator as if to jump out of the two-dimensionality of the painted surface. Michelangelo used the â€Å" cangiante † technique to make this, where he applied profoundly contrasting colorss next to each other and applied shots of white pigment, therefore pulling the visible radiation and reflecting it so as to make extraordinary pragmatism and sense of physical presence within space.These strongly contrasting colorss besides increase the volumes and underpin the strength and motion of the figures. The foreground figures have typical and clear lineations whereas the background figures are less clear or â€Å" sfumato, a technique where the image lineations are blurred into the background † as if merely the foregrou nd images were in focus.One notices that this is non evident in all the sketchs, as some show no position at all, like the creative activity of Adam, or that of the words. In fact Michelangelo turns his dorsum to the stiff Torahs of position and by the usage of coloring material and the manner he denotes human emotions though the motion of the limbs and facial look he manages to convey these figures to life and make a existent sense of infinite and activity. This is clearly seeable in the inundation, where the discharge sits in the background and is less emphatic, unlike the foreground figures that are traveling, easy and distressingly towards the shore to happen deliverance. He besides brings motion merely by picturing garments in a flowing and traveling province, sometimes as if the air current was blowing beneath them, as in â€Å" the creative activity of Adam † where the green scarf is clearly being moved by the air current. Here the usage of white is apparent, which when used in the green and ruddy scarf add excess motion to the scene. Michelangelo created motion besides through the placement of the appendages of his figures, puting pess and custodies in opposite waies. Movement is once more clearly represented in Michelangelo ‘s initial drawings of the the Lybian Sibyl where her organic structure is twisted or in â€Å" contrapposto † in the act of keeping a book. Here the muscular structure is rather overdone for a adult female, but is accountable to the fact that his original drawings were made utilizing a male theoretical account. This strong masculine figure AIDSs in making an semblance of motion as these musculuss are depic ted under tenseness, as if on the brink of set abouting a task.The usage of â€Å" chiaroscuro † , shadows is besides an built-in portion of his work adding deepness and stressing the three dimensional infinite. Michelangelo is depicted as the greatest painter of the Renaissance period but you could reason that his illustriousness was in how he applied the techniques of others. You could besides oppugn if he was the conceiver of any of the techniques he adopted as it would look that the merely radical interruption attributed to him, was the complete rejection of the Torahs of position which were normally used by others at the clip. He was n't the first to accomplish motion in art. Before him creative persons like Da Vinci and Botticelli had achieved this. In Leonardo ‘s â€Å" Last supper † dated 1447 one can detect in the word picture of the apostles how motion is suggested thanks to the carefully placed custodies indicating in assorted waies. With Botticelli ‘s â€Å" Primavera † dated 1482 the fluxing garments and the placement of the really expressive custodies clearly denote minute throughout the scene. Although his work was clearly that of a mastermind, his glare for me lies in the manner he portrayed the figures in the Sistine chapel. He managed to carve them out of the level surface, as if making a sculpture in every piece he painted. His manner though was non wholly alone as it is was really much reminiscent of other great Masterss of the clip, like Ghirlandaio and Luca Signorelli but still brilliant as unlike these Masterss he brought great look to the human figures together with great and baronial musculus tone. The Guildhall Carpet shall be given three dimensionality thorough the usage of techniques which Michelangelo himself adopted on the Sistine Chapel when he created sculptures in his picture. Michelangelo ‘s usage of coloring material, which was inspired by Leonardo ‘s â€Å" chiaroscuro † , will animate me besides to add shadows to my objects, making deepness and strength. Through Giotto ‘s usage of â€Å" cangianti † adopted greatly in the ceiling by Michelangelo, I will add motion and flow to the forms. The purpose is to make a three dimensional piece through usage of coloring material and shadows.

Macbeth Downfall Essay

A good description of the character Macbeth from an unknown author: â€Å"I am my own worst enemy and I can never win the fight† (www. searchquotes. com). This quote describes Macbeth’s fighting for the throne and his failure in doing so. The main character, Macbeth, and his wife, Lady Macbeth, plot together to kill their king and take over the throne. Their success is short lived when the guilt of this evil act takes its toll on Lady Macbeth ultimately ending in her demise and Macbeth steers him self towards his own downfall. Macbeth makes bad decisions during the play that all snowball into a final battle. A question that is regularly thrown up in the air for debate is- Who is Responsible for Macbeth’s downfall? Some critics believe that it was Lady Macbeth that led Macbeth on the road to failure. Seeing how she is the one who forcefully prods Macbeth into murdering Duncan; However, it is Macbeth who suggests that they take advantage of their golden opportunity and Lady Macbeth just keeps him on track with their devious plan. In fact when one looks at who is the most responsible for Macbeth’s downfall, it is Macbeth because he was the first to think about killing Duncan, he killed Banquo, and he murdered Macduff’s family. To begin, some might argue that it is Lady Macbeth who is the main reason for Macbeth’s downfall. After receiving the message from Macbeth about his prophecy given to him by the three witches he tells her that they should kill Duncan when he come over to their castle. When Macbeth is considering to not kill Duncan lady Macbeth threatens him with: â€Å"I would, while it was smiling in my face,/ Have plucked my nipple from his boneless gums/ And dashed the brains out, had I so sworn as you/ Have done to this† (I. vii. 57-60). To some critics this line is the shove that Lady Macbeth gives Macbeth to his downfall. This is just one interpretation of who is at fault, the evidence from Act I shows that it is really Macbeth who is at fault. The three witches have just given Macbethand Banquo their prophecies. Macbeth is thinking about what the witches have told him: â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion/ Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair† (I. iii. 138-139). This is Macbeth realizing that his first thought after finding out that the first prophecy came true and what he will have to do for the second one to come true. Macbeth caused his own downfall by thinking about killing Duncan and then sharing those thoughts with Lady Macbeth. If Macbeth never had the thought of taking fate into his own hands then he would not have told Lady Macbeth and would not have had his horrific downfall. That is why he is the one responsible for his own demise. Firstly, Macbeth caused his own downfall by killing King Duncan. His thoughts about killing Duncan started his downward spiral to his own death. Macbeth is a very malicious character bound for self destruction while taking others who were close to him, with him. Macbeth’s first instinct when given the prophecies is to murder for his own personal gain. Macbeth is still thinking over whether or not to kill Duncan when he says: â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me,/ The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee† (II. i. 33-35). This quote shows that subconsciously he wants to kill Duncan for the throne. Even though he is weary about the murder his subconscious is telling him that it is the right thing to do and that he will be better off as king. Macbeth is convincing himself to kill Duncan, which shows that he is the reason for his downfall by starting a chain of events that lead to his death. Macbeth also raises suspicion from Banquo by killing Duncan because Banquo heard the prophecy of being king as well. Banquo is leaving Macbeth’s castle when he says: â€Å"Thou hast it now: king, Cawdor, Glamis, all,/ As the weird women promised, and I fear/ Thou played’st most foully for ’t† (III. i. 1-3). This quote is Banquo saying that he suspects that Macbeth has cheated Duncan from the throne. This adds to Macbeth being his own worse enemy because now he has created a loose end because Banquo knows about the prophecy given to him. This is another reason why Macbeth caused his own downfall. Secondly, Macbeth adds to his own downfall by trying to clean up after himself by getting rid of Banquo and Fleance whom he fears knows about him killing King Duncan. Macbeth is worried about the truth of the murder getting out so he takes matters into his own hands by hiring three murderers to find and kill Banquo and Fleance before they can tell anyone of the terrible truth about Duncan’s untimely death. Macbeth fears Banquo because Banquo suspect’s foul play in Macbeth’s becoming of king. Macbeth shows his fear of him right after he and Fleance leave Macbeth’s castle: â€Å"There is none but he/ Whose being I do fear† (III. i. 56-57). In this quote Macbeth is talking about Banquo and how he fears that he knows that he murdered Duncan to become king. Macbeth supects that Banquo knows this because he was with him when the three witches came and gave Macbeth the prophecy of becoming king. Because of the prophecy that was given to Banquo, he would not be king but his son would start a line of kings, this means that Macbeth must be overthrown for Fleance to be king. Macbeth sends people to kill Banquo and Fleance because he does not want the prophecy to become reality because this would mean his death. Macbeth knows that he has made it easier for Fleance to be king when he says: â€Å"For them the gracious/ Duncan have I murdered:/†¦ To make them kings, the seed of Banquo kings! † (III. i. 68,72). Macbeth has killed Duncan and assumed the role of king but once Banquo tells people that Macbeth has killed Duncan then there will be an uprising against Macbeth, which may end in him dying. If Duncan were still alive then Fleance would not have a chance to become king and Macbeth would not have created his own downfall. Lastly, Macbeth goes out of his way to murder Macduff’s family because he did not attend his coronation. This leads to Macduff grieving over his loss and Malcolm trying to turn his sorrow into vengeance. Malcolm convinces Macduff to seek revenge on Macbeth by telling Macduff: â€Å"Be comforted. / Let’s make us med’cines of our great revenge,/ To cure this deadly grief† (IV. iii. 219-221). Malcolm is telling Macduff to use revenge to help mend his broken heart from the death of his family. Malcolm wants to seek revenge on Macbeth for killing is father and stealing the throne and wants Macduff to do the same. Macduff agrees with Malcolm and they set out to kill Macbeth for his treachery. By killing Macduff’s family, Macbeth only gave Macduff a reason to kill him. There was no need to kill Macduff’s family that is why Macbeth is at fault for his own downfall and no one else. To conclude, Macbeth’s downfall is entirely his own fault. Firstly his malicious side comes out and he kills King Duncan, then he proceeds to try and clean up his mess by getting rid of suspicions which goes unsuccessful, and finally he murders Macduff’s family which gave Macduff reason to kill him. That is how Macbeth caused his own downfall and is why he is entirely at fault. The outcome may have been different if it were not for all three events happening. Because these events occurred lives were lost for nothing seeing as Macbeth lost the throne and died in the end. Why does Macbeth kill Macduff’s family? Get an answer by ordering custom essay.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 34

Assignment - Essay Example verage of mean score given by peers to students from private schools is higher than that of students from public schools as far as values are concerned. However, further comments can only be made after application of advanced statistical tools like hypothesis testing which may help to reveal if there is any significant statistical difference between the average score from two populations (public and private schools). According to Jain and Sandhu, skewness is the measure of asymmetry in the distribution of population and tells if the mean, mode and median are equal and quartiles are at equal distance from median (3.2). The distribution pattern of the data as seen from the histogram revealed that scores given by peers to both the public schools and private schools are moderately positively skewed having skewness of 0.934 and 0.754 respectively. This suggests that the data is not evenly distributed on both sides of the mean for both public and private schools. The positive skewness conf irmed that majority of the students both from public and private schools were given mean score by peers less than or on the average score and very few were given scores higher than the average. Looking at the distribution pattern between the two histograms, we see that number of students that scored higher than average score is greater for private schools than the public schools. The box plot for the mean score given by peers revealed that there were four outliers for public schools and three outliers from private schools towards the upper side of box plot. This suggested that nearly equal number of students from public and private were given outstanding score by peers (closer to 5). According to Cook and Upton, median divide the order population data into two groups whereas quartiles divide the population into four groups with first quartile (lowest 25%), second quartile (lowest 50%) and third quartile indicating lowest 75% of the population group (53). In this section, statistical

Weapons of Mass Destruction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weapons of Mass Destruction - Assignment Example 2. Why would someone be interested in making a WMD and what would they achieve by using it as a weapon to attack other people. Are there countries perceived as having the intentions of making or using WMDs? Terrorists are the most likely people to make and use WMDs. Their aim is retaliatory attacks especially against the US and her allies. Traditionally, all countries that support and harbor terrorism are likely candidates. 3. In case of an attack by WMD, how flexible is your department since we know that an enemy/terrorist usually thrives on elements of surprise? Do you have any immediate and appropriate plans what to do in case the unthinkable took place? We have learned a lot since Sep 11th and our team is always ready for any eventuality ranging from chemical, biological or even nuclear attack. We have reenacted and trained on all these possible scenarios and many more. Yes, there are several rescue and evacuation procedures put in place. For security reasons, this is classified. 4. How well coordinated are your local arrangements with adjacent jurisdictions such as the neighboring states and the Federal government? Whats your regional approach to the planning process? Do you have any nontraditional partners, goodwill parties and organizations like safety and occupational health organizations? We are a team. We have numerous programs in place and our teams have exchange programs every three to six months from the federal and other state agencies to ensure that we are in synch. We have partnered with the local community and private entities and have been offering them free training to empower and equip them accordingly. 5. What type of communication do you have? Can one use interoperable, backbone communication systems which are able to provide open and at the same time secure communication amongst all response parties?  

Dick Spencer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dick Spencer - Research Paper Example The case study highlights about Dick Spencer, who works as a Vice President in one of the large manufacturing firms. However, prior to that he was a plant manager of a Modrow Company, which was also the Canadian branch office of Tri-American Corporation. Tri-American Corporation was a major player in the aluminum manufacturing industry and it was also involved in the integrated operations such as mining of bauxite, processing and fabrication that result in various end products. The company employed around 22,000 people has presence in different parts of the world. The company followed a decentralized organizational structure that allowed plan managers to gain extra control and authority over the operation but at the same time the pressure of profitability was significant. In order to further experience growth the company had accomplished an expansion project and modernization project. The cost of this project was very high, but the return on investment was expected to surpass the ini tial investment and that made the project feasible. Despite that the plant manager, Dick Spencer was a bit more skeptical about the viability of the project and as a precautionary measure the manager initiated a campaign that encouraged employees to cut expenses in whatever ways possible. He also urged employees to reduce the expenses and cut down cost to the highest possible extent. This report seeks to identify the key factors that contributed to Spencer’s success as a salesperson and tribulations as a manager. The report will also throw light on these factors that led to success as a salesman or his failure as a manager. Lastly, the study will recommend some of the steps or techniques that could be adopted which will help have Dick Spencer to become successful as a manager. Factors Contributing to Spencer’s success as a Salesperson and Tribulations as a Manager Selling and management are two different domains of business as the duties greatly differ from one another (Boles, Brashear, Bellenger & Barksdale, 2000). However, both the functions play imperative role in the success of a company. A sale is a key organizational function and the sales personnel plays key role in bringing revenues for the organization. In doing so a sales person generally exhibits various exceptional qualities. On the contrary, management is another vital function of an organization (Matsuno, Mentzer & Rentz, 2000). It helps in ensuring the organizational tasks are accomplished in a systematic and timely manner. Furthermore, the people of management also have the responsibility to administer the organizational activities and making decisions at every point of time. However, success or failure on these given fields greatly depends upon certain factors. In this context the factors which were responsible for Mr. Dick’s failure and success are underlined below: - Charming personality and business knowledge According to the viewpoint of the colleagues of Mr. Dick, he had a charming personality and good looks. Moreover, Mr. Dick also possessed sound business knowledge. The ability to sell products also needs special mention. This allowed Mr. Dick to become one of the successful salesmen of the company. In addition to these qualities, Mr. Dick also had a tremendous amount of energy and during his initial days enjoyed the work of a salesman. Despite, friend’s advice to switch into sales management jobs, he continued to act as a salesman. This clearly reflects the extent to which Mr. Dick was a self motivating person and how passion for sales had driven him. Self Motivation Self motivation is another major factor that played a significant role in the development of Mr. Dick as a salesperson. Eminent Scholar such as Pelham (2002) emphasizes that

Part 3 Policy Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Part 3 Policy Choices - Essay Example Third, these new environmental conditions favor the further development of genetic variations within the isolated group. Over a short amount of time, which can last thousands of years in evolutionary paleontology terms, the descendants of the isolated group become a new species morphologically different from the original population (Eldredge & Gould, 1972, p. 94-95; Gould 2002, p. 766-768). As a result, organisms rarely show any gradual evolutionary change throughout their phylogeny. Instead, new species appear quite suddenly in the fossil record. Working from the theoretical insights of Eldredge and Gould, Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones used PE to explain their observations on public policy. Baumgartner and Jones (1 993) found that for long periods of observations on different policy subsystems, policy change rarely occurred (p. 17- 18). However, on rare occasions certain policy conditions fluctuated such as the venue for a policy debate or the public's image of a specific policy problem. Fluctuations in venue and image often led to a quick policy change that was immediately followed by additional long periods of policy stasis (Baumgartner & Jones, 1993, p. 38). As a result, Baumgartner and Jones concluded that the evolution of any public policy followed a PE pattern rather than a gradual, incremental pattern. While Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones owed much of their insights on PE to Eldredge and Gould, they also used previous research from agenda-setting studies, the policy subsystems literature, and social choice theory to help configure the idea of PE to existing research on public policy. By using these three concepts from social science research, Baumgartner and Jones brought a theory from evolutionary paleontology to political science. This made PE a viable model of the policy process. With the incorporation of agenda-setting, the PE model had its basic political science foundation. Political scientists classify agenda-setting as a debate among advocacy groups, agencies, policymakers, the public, the media, and any other interested organizations over the problems that should be on the active policy agenda of policymakers (Baumgartner & Jones, 1993, p. 10; Kingdon, 1995, p. 3). Once on the agenda, governmental debates over a policy problem occur and the probability of policy change increases. Therefore, agenda-setting becomes important in the PE model because it helps to describe the most fundamental part of policy change. Bringing a policy problem to the agenda is a tough process. Successful agenda-setting usually happens when the public directs the right mix of attention to policymakers on a policy problem that already has various solutions advocated by organized interests (Hunt, 2002, p. 75-76). This helps to change the image of the policy problem from the perspe ctive of policymakers. Such a change in image also causes more policymakers to consider solving the problem with new legislation. When more policymakers know more about a specific policy problem, a change in venue for debates over the problem often occurs. By moving the policy discussion from its usual venue, such as a particular Congressional committee, policy change is more likely to occur. With the interaction of changing images and venues, more people become involved in the policy process and it becomes more open and more susceptible to change. This is an important

Voice traffic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voice traffic - Essay Example The acceptance by the telecommunications industry to converge mobile concept aims at facilitating for the incorporation of voice over WiFi (Fathi, Chakraborty, & Prasad, 2011). Nonetheless, a number of benefits and issues are evident while sending voice over a typical wireless network as depicted by the paper. There are various benefits associated with sending voice over a wireless network. For instance, the major benefit of sending voice over wireless networks is saving costs. For instance, companies have managed to save billions of dollars by making calls over wireless networks. Furthermore, it is possible to deploy voice communication over a wireless network, creating room for flexible communication. As such, it is true that sending voice over wireless networks plays a vital role in realizing cost savings, particularly because it mobilizes the workforce. Here, they can manage to address the needs of clients in an efficient manner while in the facility being served by the wireless network. Regardless of the benefits affiliated with sending voice over a wireless network, a number of issues prevail, hindering companies from utilizing the full potential sending voice over wireless networks (Geier & Geier, 2010). For instance, sending voice over wireless networks is sensitive to technology. In this case, calls should be set up as well as authenticated, while voice packets are required to reach their destination without interruption and in a timely manner. As such, companies experience challenges when designing a network stream in a continuous manner, making it prone to interruptions by data transmissions that are less sensitive. As such, in a typical wireless network voice calls suffer from weird sounds, delays, echo, and noise (Geier & Geier, 2010). Sending voice over wireless networks is also highly dependent on bandwidth. As such,

Samyika Shakur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Samyika Shakur - Essay Example Juvenile court system emphasise on the corrective measures of the juvenile criminals rather than the punishment. The history of Sanaika Shakur is a better example to analyse the effectiveness of juvenile court system. â€Å"The juvenile criminal justice system operates according to the premise that youth are fundamentally different than adults, both in terms of level of responsibility and potential for rehabilitation. The treatment and successful reintegration of youth into society are the primary goals of the juvenile justice system, along with overall public safety† (Juvenile Law) The story of Sanyika Shakur is well matched for analyzing effectiveness of juvenile court system. He has started his criminal activities at the age of 13. He has been imprisoned and claimed that he has changed his character and criminal behavior after a prolonged stay in the prison. The police and the court were believed that the corrective measures taken in the prison were successful and released him on parole. He has written an autobiography also which explains how he has started his criminal behavior and the factors which affect him to engage in criminal activities. All these tactics were just to convince th e court in order to get parole. But even on parole, he has committed serious crimes which forced the police to arrest him again and again. The effectiveness of juvenile court system has been questioned by many citing the example of Sanyika Shakur. Many people believe that there are people who are born criminals like Sanyika Shakur. For them, the current juvenile justice system is not effective. The main objective of the juvenile justice system is to prevent the future illegal activities from the juveniles and for that purpose most of the punishments for juvenile crimes were limited to sending the juveniles to the juvenile homes where lessons for becoming good citizens of a country will be transferred to the children under the strict guidance of the coaching

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry Essay

The relation between globalisation and the hospitality industry - Essay Example This has ensured that business activities are carried out without the limitation of boundaries between nations since numerous currencies are utilised while people travel across the world while coping up with varied political and social systems that are present in different societies. Hospitality, on the other hand, is a service based industry that integrates hotel, tourism, tour and airline industries. Unlike products where the impression attracts potential clients the hospitality industry is based on the service or experience that clients get after experiencing service the level of satisfaction is the one that will influence whether to come for the same service or not. Globalisation and tourism have integrated to a large extent especially in the 21st century as a need for business firms to venture into international markets has increased (Go and Pine, 2005). Globalisation is all about integrating the economic aspects of an industry. For instance, in the hospitality industry it has experienced massive changes that are aimed at positioning the industry to cater for the global market rather than the local or regional markets, which most establishments are meant for. The hospitality industry is fundamentally dependent on tourism be it domestic or international; thus, the players in the hospitality industry are competing with each other to market their countries as the best holiday destination whereby they can experience cutting edge hospitality that is offered by their firms. This has led to hotels partnering with airlines and local tour companies to provide all-inclusive packages for their clients to experience all services under a single package; thus, making it more lucrative and attractive for the clients to be enticed by the deals. That notwithstanding, branding of hotels and lodges has been a significant trend over the years, it is evident that some brands have an international

David Fincher's Seven Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

David Fincher's Seven Film Analysis - Essay Example The essay will initially explain how Seven can be regarded as what Hardy (97, 301) describes as a ‘neo-noir’ film, whilst also fitting into the New-brutality film category, in order to present a chronological narrative structure. It will then go on to discuss aspects of narrative which bridge these two categories and examine the narrative structure the film follows. Finally, it will focus on the neo-noir protagonist and demonstrate how characterization in the film draws heavily from this genre. There is a close and very important relationship between narrative, characterization, and mise-en-scene in any film. As Bordwell & Thompson (02, 75) explain ‘we should strive to make our interpretations precise by seeing how each films thematic meanings are suggested by the films total system. In a film, both explicit and implicit meanings depend closely on the relations between narrative and style’. It is, therefore, only when the film is taken as a whole that its fu ll array of meanings emerges. Gilles Deleuze argues that the classic Hollywood film is hallmarked by ‘action-images’. These action-images are, as he explains ‘the relation between [milieux and modes of behavior] and all the varieties of this relation. It is this model which produced the universal triumph of the American cinema.’ (Deleuze, 86, 141) In Deleuze’s definition of a standard Hollywood film, the character is acted upon by the milieu or the circumstances in which he finds himself. He is presented with a situation to which he reacts in order to modify the milieu or his relationship to it. He must, therefore, find what Deleuze (86,141) describes as a ‘new way of being’ or alternatively adopt his current way of being to meet the demands of the situation with which he is presented.  

The lumber-room Essay Example for Free

The lumber-room Essay She starts of in the story looking at the world in a nice light and talking about fantasy creatures, also how nice her life will be when she grows up, gets a job has kids and a beautiful loving husband the usual 13 15 year old female dream. Then she meets Kerry Stevenson and decides from things other people have said that he is not a very nice person. Then she meets Mrs Rutter and decides she is a innocent sweet old lady, she is in fact not very nice and leaves a German pilot in the woods for two days to die a slow pain full death. The story follows a stereotypical approach to looking at old and young people, these stereotypes soon change as you find more about the characters, as the story goes on Mrs Rutter describes how she left a pilot to die as an act of revenge and Kerry turns out to be quite humane and kind lad. At the end of this story, she is walking home and decides that everything is not as it seems and that not every one is stereotypical. I prefer the lumber-room because of its happier out look on life a carefree childish approach to life, also the way Nicolas out smarts his aunt is amusing and made me laugh. The book formed strong pictures in my mind and was enjoyable and easy to read I believe that the darkness out there uses to much symbolism to convey its point, also the lumber-room is much easier to read less description, more action and lets get down to the facts. In the lumber room the only really long descriptive part, is the part where the hunts man is hunting the stag and is himself being followed by some wolves he doesnt take this at face value and makes the story behind the tapestry much more complex than it actually is. I feel he can identify with the hunts man, as he has also hunted his aunty in his own childish way. I think this is an excellent piece of descriptive writing and describes a young Childs imagination very well, he looks at the tapestry and sees past the plane facts and even comes back to comment on it later saying that he thinks the wolves will eat the stag while the hunts man runs from the wolves. In addition the plot is nowhere as near sinister or riveting, as the darkness out there. This story uses lots of light, dark contrasts to show that things are either a bad or good memories, when she walks down by packers end theres a shadow that falls on her and it gets colder, using metaphors to describe her feelings as a physical feeling rather than a emotional one. The darkness and light story left me feeling sad miserable proving grown ups to be fallible and weak, where as the lumbar room story made me feel alive, excited and amused wanting to read more of his antics.

A Successful Tourism Marketing Plan Tourism Essay

A Successful Tourism Marketing Plan Tourism Essay Jamaica is one of the greatest island to visit in the Caribbean. Surrounding Jamaica are other islands such as Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico, but none of them can compare to this land of beauty. This wonderful country is 80 kilometers in width and 234 kilometers in length and contains about 4,300 square miles, making it the third largest island in the Caribbean. Some of the wonderful features that Jamaica posses are: reefs that are filled with natural wild live; beaches that have crystal clear water and white soft sand; a broad coastal plan; and mountains that are filled with greenery. It is important for a country to make people from all around the world be aware of the things it has to offer that cannot be found anywhere else so they are attracted to go there over and over again. Five tools or techniques that could be used by the Jamaica Tourist Board to effectively manage and market a destination such as Jamaica for visitors appeal. Jamaica is marketed using the AIDA principle. This is the process of influencing customer to visit destinations through marketing affords related to the AIDA principle. A- Awareness. I- Create an interest. D- A desire for your product. A- Action These are: Identify target market Market mix (price, place, promotions, products) Incentives Brand Ambassadors Product development 1) Identify target market- This means that the tourist board have to identify a specific target market, for which they are trying to sell their service to. For example, if they are going to target Eco-tourism, families, couples, inclusive tourism, and adventurous people, etc. With this clear objective of knowing who their target is, they can proceed accordingly. In any business, one has to figure out whom, why, what, how their target market is and focus on that group when they are marketing the destination and make it appealing and attractive. 2) Market mix- (price, place, promotions, products, people and planning) Price: make the price match the quality of service that is being offered. For example, the price should reflect on the service, infrastructure and experience. Therefore, it should not be costly to at a low end motel that has poor quality service, old infrastructure, no air condition in the rooms, and hot water available, etc. Place: the place should be easily accessible. As Jamaica being the destination targeted by North Americans, Canadians and Europeans, it can be accessible by land, sea, and air. Also, being cost effective and near proximity to North America, makes it Jamaicas biggest market. This is very important to tourists because they like countries that are easily accessible. Promotions: Jamaica can be marketed by using the above line promotion method- this is used in connection with advertising of the product/ service through the media. This can take the form of advertising via: television, virtual slides on the Internet, magazine, cinema, sales promotions, brochures/ leaflets, as well as public relations showing off what Jamaica has to offer. Products: the Jamaica Tourist Board would have to let the targeted destination know what Jamaica offers and what sets them apart from the other Caribbean countries. The other Caribbean counties also offer land, sea, sun, and resorts. The Jamaica Tourist Board would have to ask the question what makes Jamaica so different, and market it. For example, Jamaica is famous for its culture, known for the Great House of Annie Palmer Estate, Port Royal, Blue Mountain, coral reefs, having over a hundred and eight rivers, the famous Bob Marley king of reggae music and so on. People: the people of Jamaica should be welcoming to the tourist. This in particular employees, and managers of the resort, while maintaining the culture of the organization. Planning: the Jamaica Tourist Board should set clear objectives of what they hope to achieve. Therefore, asking themselves, what are we trying to achieve? For example- cut competition, enhance profits, etc. Incentives- This means a positive motivational influence, a selected hotel that tourist stays at will get appraisal. For example- buy a dinner over x amount and get a free meal; stay for five days in a luxurious suit and get two free night; visit in September to December 1st and get half price on rooms and so on. 3) Brand Ambassadors Using famous people to advertise the Jamaica destination. For example- using Usian Bolt as the face behind tourism. Images will be displayed showing Bolt relaxing, sipping Martinis on the north coast, shirtless, sun-bathing on the white sandy beaches, with the surrounding lush greenery of the mountains highlighted in the background. The image will also include illustrations of Rastafarians splashing in the ocean, shaking their dreads, and with female models passing in their two-piece bath suits, staring at Usian Bolt in awe. 5) Product development- enhances the infrastructure of the destination and the quality of service being offered by training staff in the customer care department. According to an unknown source, It is very important the needs for the destination be the focal point for any plan. This will determine the type of tourism that will be developed. SWOT analysis of the techniques used in question one. SWOT analysis means; S- strength, W- weaknesses, O- opportunity and T- threat Target market/market research- S- You will get to know the needs of your customers, so you know exactly what they want. You do not offer something that does not appeal to them. W- expensive to conduct research. People always know what they want but sometimes they are indecisive. O- Greater market share. T- It takes time and it is costly to do a market research. Market mix- S- People will know about the product. W- It cost money to create awareness about Jamaica and the things it offers. O-people who do not know they want it will buy greater market share. T- Builds expectation in people that the company cannot meet. This leave customer dissatisfied. Incentives- S- Its very attractive to people. W- If not managed properly can increase cost more than customer base and lessen profit. O- Encourage more shares. T- People get incentives without spending. Brand Ambassador- S- Increase attention about Jamaica. W- Only people who like the ambassador will be attracted. O- Increase market share. T- The person (Usian Bolt) personal life affects the company and also lack of money to carry out the activities. Product development- S- Better satisfactions, more customers, more profit. W- Cost. O- Greater market share. T- New developments do not meet customer needs. The value of a Tourism Marketing Plan and the processes involve in developing the plan Tourism Marketing Plan is an outline of a strategy that seeks to maximize the sale of a particular product or service. A Tourism Marketing Plan helps to minimize the risks associated with the launching of a new product, or service that consumers may not have any interest in. However, a Tourism Marketing Plan can be a written document containing a strict description and guide lines for an organization or destination, products, marketing strategies and programs for offering their products and services over the define planning period which is often a year. A successful tourism marketing plan includes Be honest about your market. For example, if you state that your destination has nine miles of beautiful white sand beach on the north coast, make sure when the tourist comes, its not two miles of white sand beach. This means, be honest when youre marketing the destination. Testimonials. For example, all negative and positive testimonials are important. This enables the developer of the destination to enhance the quality of service and make changes where necessary. Therefore making consumer happy while making a profit. Sell your strengths (sell the destination). For example, Jamaica possesses reefs, beaches and extensive coastal plan, surrounding a backbone of mountain traversing the length of the island latitudinal, the king of reggae music the famous Bob Marley, water falls (YS Falls Dunn River Falls), culture, history (the great Port Royal), historical buildings (The Great White House of Annie Palmer), sports (Reggae boyz), Jazz and Blue Festival, night life, Hedonism hotel, etc. Target major efforts to major market. For example North America, Europe, and Canada are Jamaicas major markets. North America is the top market for Jamaica, this is due to the fact it is in close proximity to the island, its cheap and it accessible by sea or air. Therefore, its safe to say that more money can be spent in North America to market the island. Focus on unique attractions. For example the sceneries, town, cities, villages, historical and heritage sites, theme parks, resort and hotels. The value of a Tourism Marketing Plan is how they will (a) develop the country (b) offer quality service to the guest and (c) manage the destination. The country can be developed by collecting more room taxes and departure tax from tourism, give potential investors initiatives to invest in the country, export more and reduce imports, educate the citizens, make business loans at a lower percentage rate and so on. In addition, this will allow the country to grow and eliminate poverty among the citizens. Furthermore, the standard of living will increase. Therefore, with all the taxes the government will be collecting, it will help in the creation of theme parks, attraction, eco-tourism, fixing of infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, buildings, etc. The quality of service offered to guests is very important because tourism is service oriented. The quality of service offered to guest should match the value of their money. For example, you cannot expect the same quality service of high end hotel verses a low end hotel. Nevertheless, whether its a low end hotel or a high end hotel the service should be good because this can reflect either negative or positive attribute on the organization, depending on the service the tourist received. The service attendance should be responsive and attentive to guest needs. Information should also be readily available and accessible for tourist. Entertainment should be accommodating a variety of genre. By managing the destination, there will be more tourists to the island and this will increase revenue for the government. Therefore, if the destination is managed well and promoted properly, there will be an increase of tourist arrival to the island. The tourists should feel safe and comfortable to explore the environs. With safety not an issue, there will be a high level of return visitors to the island. In addition, this will create jobs, reduce poverty, increase the knowledge of the citizens about the importance of tourism to the country, fixing and building of infrastructure, like roads, schools, hospitals, etc. Three processes involve in developing such a plan The three processes are: the mission statement, vision statement and the strategies, theses will be discussed below: Mission statement- The mission statement is aim at creating customer awareness about Jamaica. Increase sales with overseas partners. Increase use of new technologies Target visitors outside normal market Improve communication strategies Increase sales with overseas partners Vision statement- For Jamaica to be the number choice for vacation for all types of people around the world. Strategies- To create awareness of tourism in Jamaica, it would have to be promoted by the Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB). The JTB will inform the tourist/people about the hot spots on the island and market the island by advertising and promotion. The funding will come from the government. The government uses the money that they collect from room taxes, departure taxes and so on, to fund the promotion of the destination. Establish contact with a network of travel advisories to optimize efficiencies in accessing information. The Jamaica Hotel Tourist Association (JHTA) can be used to develop the hospitality industry and to represent the interest of its member in all forums. In conclusion, the value of a tourism marketing plan and the process involved in developing such plans are vital to the destination. Marketing the destination creates awareness, hence resulting in a high number of tourists to the island. The high levels of tourists will create revenue for government, in return will create jobs and alleviate poverty. External players and organization that assist the CVB with implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan and two economic significant of that assistance. Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO) Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) Jamaica Hotel Tourist Associations (JHTA) United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) Jamaica Vacation (JAMVAC) The two economic significant that could asses in the implantation of the destination marketing plan is: the Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) and the United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). These two can help assist the CVB by helping save money or help financially. The Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) is a fund that is setup to advance the tourism project. They offer project tourism seminars, tourism training, etc. The TEF funds finance the programs. The TEF gets their money by charging all incoming visitors, ten dollars by air (plane) and two dollars by sea (cruise ship). This money is used to help develop man made attraction, enhance tourism experience, and eradicate poverty by employing citizens, both directly and indirectly. With the development of tourism project around the island of Jamaica, there will be a high influx and returning tourist to the island. The development and sustainability of man-made attraction will keep revenue and community standard of living stable. With the areas and attraction being properly kept, tourist will be more drawn to those areas. Therefore, the tourist will be enjoying themselves and scenery sites, learning about the people, the culture etc. Therefore, tourist will spread the experience they had in Jamaica, and this will create free advertising while more people become intrigue to visit the island. When tourists return home, they will share their experience with friends and family. This will make people wanting to visit the island. In addition this will create revenue for the government. The enhancement of tourism experience will help to promote sustainable development. Local communities must play a major role in defining, developing and managing the tourism experience so that they take ownership of the industry. The success of the industry depends on the visitors experience, so they much experience the best vacation they ever had. Planning should be bottom-up, not top down. With the citizens supporting tourism experience, the foreign currency will help boost the economy. Eradicating poverty is every countries main concern. Tourism is one of Jamaicas main source of income and the first choice of any Caribbean destination. Therefore, with the high influx of tourist to the island, either by air or sea, the tax associated with it can help to develop the infrastructure of the country, help in primary and secondary education, hospital equipment, research, security and so on. According to (McDonald, 2001) World Tourism Organization (WTO) is involved in the removal of barriers to tourism and the liberalization of trade in tourism services. WTO also contributes to improvement of tourism health and safety requirements and the development of measures to make tourism more accessible to the handicapped. Moreover, UNWTO setup regulations and advisory for CVB such as, the Jamaica Tourist Board. They go around different countries around the world to get information to assist countries in tourism development, tourism research and act as a lobby body/ power. The UNWTO get downers from various countries and companies around the world to fund the projects. Economically, the CVB would end up saving money to do research. In addition, the CVB ends up saving to do research because the UNWTO people/group end up doing the research for free. If the CVB did not have the UNWTO to lobby on their behave, it would cost them money to employee people/groups to travel around the world to gather information and create awareness about the Jamaican brand. Therefore, these create awareness to the world by offering free publicity. The UNWTO acts as a positive outcome due to the fact that the CVB did not have to do advertisement or any promotional activities. The UNWTO also find new and creative ways to find o ut new ways that Jamaica can be the premiere destination of the world by looking at how other top destination promote themselves. The economic assistance of the UNWTO allows for the removal of tourism barriers, and this helps with the free influx of tourism to the island. This in return allows more and more free flow of tourist to the destination. However, with this being done, the government will collect more and more revenue that will be used to develop the destination. Hence, with the attraction and security, tourists will be safer within the environment and the surrounding areas. With safety not an issue, the destination will have high return tourist rate to the island. With the great influx of tourists, room tax and departure taxes will be collected. In addition, with the tourism removal barriers, the economy will grow within the destination due to the fact that tourist can visit from around the world without wondering if they can visit the destination but knowing they can without having to have a visa. Conclusion Tourism is very essential for Jamaica because its the main economic contributor to the island. With new development and marketing style, using the AIDA principle (A- Awareness, I- Create an interest, D- A desire for your product and A- Action) with no dough, tourist will influx the island. When using a SWOT analysis (S- strength, W- weaknesses, O- opportunity and T- threat) it helps to look at all the things that could be a possible outcome, either negative or positive. Therefore, its important before venturing in a new business to do a SWOT analysis. A Tourism Marketing Plan is important, because it gives you a stand point. For example, where are you now? Where would you like to be? How do we get there? How do we make sure we get there? How do we know we got there? Hence, with this knowledge and questions applied based on the result you got, it will determine if the marketing plan process worked or not. For example, the; amount of visitors coming into the island, number of awareness in the market, increase in demand, amount of revenue being made, etc. Tourist Enhancement Funds (TEF) and the United Nation World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) are very helpful with the implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan. They both help the CVB by saving money and giving money to help develop and promote the Jamaican brand as a must see destination. With the implication of good tourism planning and development, tourism will be sustained within its destination for years to come. .

Religion Essays State of the Church and the world Charlemagne lived

Religion Essays State of the Church and the world Charlemagne lived State of the Church and the world Charlemagne lived During the reign of Charlemagne was an era of almost continuous warfare. The church was objected by the people he ruled. He successfully concluded the conquest of all German speaking tribes and he expanded his kingdom in all direction. He also Christianized it. The word in which Charlemagne lived was experiencing a continuous war and the people were pagans. He tried to overcome the war which at last came to an end. He also tried to convert people to Christianity. (Einhard 58) Charlemagne was the first Holy Roman Emperor. This title symbolized the cooperation between church and state that ensured the Roman popes authority over the Western Church and the Frankish emperors authority over much of Christianized Western Europe. Under Charlemagne, King of the Franks, the influence of the Catholic Church had been strongly reinforced. A new relationship between the Frankish kings and the popes was started by Pepin, Charlemagnes father, and Boniface, the popes legate. Their early program of church reform was greatly expanded by Charlemagne. Pepin had also given his protection to the popes when Rome was threatened by invaders, and Charlemagne continued the tradition. This situation resulted in a new interdependence between church and state. Charlemagne exerted great influence on the clergy and on church practice, and offered security to them. (Friedrich 87) However, despite the general respect for Charlemagne, controversies were still rife during this era. The ninth century eventually became a pivotal epoch in terms of the influence of religion upon government and the development of Medieval Christendom, only tenuously resolved by Charlemagne. The collapse of Charlemagnes Empire, the onset of the Viking invasions proved politically divisive in terms of governance and there were also many doctrinal controversies inherent to Christianity of the period to further tear apart Christians. The Archbishop of Rheims, Hincmar took a very strong stand against the absolutist stance of papal monarchy or kingly rulelike Charlemagne, he attempted to strike a balance between the two authorial needs of Rome and kings. (Einhard 42) Through his efforts to spread Christianity and stop the war he made sure that there was a connection between the state and the church. This changed people’s beliefs and attitude towards the church. By the time Charlemagne died his state and the church had a strong connection thus strengthening the people’s faith. You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more Life of Charlemagne Charlemagne was the son of Pippin III (the Short), who officially put an end to the Merovingian line of kings when he negotiated with the pope to be crowned King of the Franks, Bertrada was his Mother. When Pippin died, the kingdom of Francia was divided between Charlemagne and his brother Carloman. Charles proved himself a capable leader from early on, but his brother was less so, and their relationship was tense until Carlomans death in 771. The greatest of medieval kings was born in 742, at a place unknown. He was of German blood and speech, and shared some characteristics of his people- strength of body, courage of spirit, pride of race, and a crude simplicity many centuries apart from the urbane polish of the modern French. He had little book learning; read only a few books- but good ones; tried in his old age to learn writing, but never quite succeeded; yet he could speak old Teutonic and literary Latin, and understood Greek. (Friedrich 47) When Charlemagne took the throne in 771, he immediately implemented two policies. The first policy was one of expansion. Charlemagnes goal was to unite all Germanic people into one kingdom. The second policy was religious in that Charlemagne wanted to convert all of the Frankish kingdom, and those lands he conquered, to Christianity. As a result, Charlemagnes reign was marked by almost continual warfare. (Donald 58) Charlemagne being the sole rule of the government of Francia, he expanded his territory through conquest. He conquered the Lombards in northern Italy, acquired Bavaria, and campaigned in Spain and Hungary. Charles used harsh measures in subduing the Saxons and virtually exterminating the Avars of present-day Austria and Hungary. Though he had essentially amassed an empire, Charlemagne did not style himself emperor, but called himself the King of the Franks and Lombards. After he conquered Lombards and became the king, Charlemagne started construction of a palace in Aachen. Unsuccessful siege of Saragossa, Spain, is followed by an ambush of Charlemagnes retreating army by the Basques at Roncesvalles. Charlemagnes most serious defeat took place when he failed to take Saragossa, retreated across the Pyrenees, and was ambushed by Basques. (Donald 59) Two years later he received from Pope Hadrian II an urgent appeal for aid against the Lombard Desiderius, who was invading the Papal States. Charlemagne besieged and took Pavia, assumed the crown of Lombardy, confirmed the Donation of Pepin and accepted the role of protector of the Church in all her temporal powers. Charlemagne made a pilgrimage to Rome and his son Pippin was proclaimed King of Italy; he then met Alcuin, who agrees to come to Charlemagnes court. (Friedrich 64) Charlemagne launched his educational plan by ordering bishops and abbots to open schools near their churches and monasteries. Charlemagne took control of Bavaria; bringing all the territory of the Germanic tribes into one political unit he conducted a series of campaigns against the Avars in present-day Austria and Hungary. The Avars were eventually destroyed as a cultural entity. Construction on the cathedral in Aachen began and Pope Leo III was attacked in the streets of Rome and flew to Charlemagne for protection. The king had him conducted safely back to Rome. Charlemagne went to Rome to oversee a synod where Leo clears himself of the charges laid on him by his enemies. At Christmas mass, Leo crowned Charlemagne Emperor. In 813, Charlemagne called Louis the Pious, Charlemagnes sole surviving legitimate son to his court to inherit all of the lands that Charlemagne had conquered and controlled. However, like his grandfather before him (and just as his father would have done if any of Louis brothers had lived); Louis divided the lands among his sons according to the tradition. Charlemagne died in January 814. His achievements stand among the most significant of the early middle Ages, and although the empire he built (called the Carolingian Empire after him) would not long outlast his son Louis, his consolidation of lands marked a watershed in the development of Europe. Contribution of Charlemagne’s to the medieval church During the reign of Charlemagne, from 768 to 814 A.D., the growth of the Church in the west gained increasing power over its eastern counterparts. Charlemagne, the son of Pepin the Short, was indoctrinated with the Christian religion early in his life, and as a result he grew to become the leading proponent of Christian belief throughout the west. He continued the role of papal protector in Italy and his fathers policy of territorial conquest in the north. After defeating King Desiderius and the Lombards in 774 he crowned himself King of the Lombards. He began to increase the size of his kingdom by forcibly converting pagans into Christianity. His most difficult conquest was converting the Saxons into loyal Christian citizens. Thus, after thirty-three years of war the Saxons accepted Charlemagnes terms and renounced their religion and customs and adopted those of Christianity, while those that refused were relocated throughout Gaul and Germany. In 800 A.D. on Christmas day Pope Leo I II, who was imprisoned by the Roman aristocracy a year earlier but escaped to the protection of Charlemagne who then restored him as pope, crowned Charlemagne emperor. (Donald 77) Charlemagne made important reforms in the Catholic liturgy; he brought Anglo-Saxon traditions of humanism into Europe, and was the foremost scholar of the Carolingian Renaissance. He encouraged the use of â€Å"Carolingian minuscule†. He built the beautiful basilica at Aix-la-Chapelle, which he adorned with gold and silver and lamps, and with rails and doors of solid brass. He had the columns and marbles for this structure brought from Rome and Ravenna, for he could not find such as were suitable elsewhere. He was a constant worshipper at this church as long as his health permitted, going morning and evening, even after nightfall, besides attending mass; and he took care that all the services there conducted should be administered with the utmost possible propriety, very often warning the sextons not to let any improper or unclean thing be brought into the building or remain in it. He provided it with a great number of sacred vessels of gold and silver and with such a quantity of clerical robes that not even the doorkeepers who fill the humblest office in the church were obliged to wear their everyday clothes when in the exercise of their duties. He was at great pains to improve the church reading and psalmody, fo r he was well skilled in both although he neither read in public nor sang, except in a low tone and with others. (Friedrich 70) Charlemagne also was a devoted Christian. He supported the Church, giving liberally at his own expense as well as that of the state to support the Church and fighting to protect the Pope and the Roman Catholic Churchs property in Italy. On Christmas Day in 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne Emperor and Augustus. This could have created conflict since the emperor of the Byzantine Empire already possessed this title, but Charlemagne quickly sent gifts and envoys to appease his usurpation. He was very forward in succoring the poor, and in that gratuitous generosity he not only gave support in his own country and kingdom, but when he discovered that there were Christians living in poverty in Syria, Egypt, and Africa, at Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Carthage, he had compassion on their wants, and used to send money over the seas to them. Charlemagne zealously strove to make friends with the kings beyond seas so as to get help and relief to the Christians living under their rule. (Claster 96) He cherished the Church of St. Peter the Apostle at Rome above all other holy and sacred places, and heaped its treasury with a vast wealth of gold, silver, and precious stones. He sent great and countless gifts to the popes; and throughout his whole reign his wish was to re-establish the ancient authority of the city of Rome under his care and by his influence, and to defend and protect the Church of St. Peter, and to beautify and enrich it out of his own store above all other churches. Although he held it in such veneration, he only repaired to Rome to pay his vows and make his supplications four times during the whole forty-seven years that he reigned. Charlemagne was so beloved by the Carolingian people he ruled, because he showed compassion towards the peoples he conquered, seldom manifest during the era. Emperor Charlemagne demonstrated an administrative balance between the needs of the governing state and the demands of the powerful Christian church. He embodied the perfect balance between Christian and secular demands in ruling empire. (Friedrich 87) Through Alcuin he caused corrected copies of the Scripture to be placed in the churches, and earned great credit for his improvement of the much depraved text of the Latin Vulgate. Education, for aspirants to the priesthood at least, was furthered by the royal order of 787 to all bishops and abbots to keep open in their cathedrals and monasteries schools for the study of the seven liberal arts and the interpretation of Scriptures. (Fichtenau 35) When Charlemagne accepted Christianity, he helped Christianity in numerous ways. Christians were no longer persecuted for their faith, and the Emperor gave many gifts to Christian leaders. With the acceptance of Christianity, the faith was able to spread throughout. With the emperor converted, Christianity became apart of the government. Children were taught Christian beliefs and these were passed down through generation. (Donald 96) He believed that the church and state should be as close as possible. With this belief came the distortion of the Christian faith. In order to please all of his subjects, Charlemagne combined pagan worship with Christianity. However, though Constantine’s conversion is questionable when it comes to his true acceptance of the faith, he puts all his power into advancing the cause of the Church of Christ. (Eginhard and Monk 87) With the church and state so closely intertwined, the empire became stronger. A council of 300 bishops was formed called the Council of Nicea. This council dealt with controversy about the divinity of Jesus. This council made an official statement claiming Jesus divinity, and because the church and state were so closely connected, he fought for Christianity which led people to call him â€Å"the strong right hand of God†. (Claster 36) Through his devotion to fought for the church this brought about the spread of Christianity to many people leading to the growth of church. Charlemagne took advantage of Christianity’s moral and ethical standards, and he made laws in favor of the spreading of the faith. Also, after Charlemagne became Emperor he came up with two policies for success. The first policy was expansion, and with Charlemagne’s military experience this was not difficult to achieve. The second policy was the conversion of all his lands to Christianity. (Capitol Hill) With this policy, the Christian faith spread rapidly throughout the lands, and many were converted. (Donald 58) In both Constantine’s and Charlemagne’s causes the spread Christianity is what made their empire successful. And with the close relationship between the church and state, the spread of Christianity was not a difficulty task. (Eginhard and Monk 39) Charlemagne’s Legacy to church todayNo layman has exercised so great an influence on the history of the Church as Charlemagne; though his influence was, properly speaking, merely that of extension, organization and consolidation. Personally he probably did not reach far beyond a tolerably accurate fulfillment of the precepts of the Church. His character has, no doubt, been much embellished by the legendary poetry of the Church. His want of chastity, and disregard of the marriage-vow, must be freely admitted. Practically the Church was to him, not only the visible representative of Christ on earth, but also an organ of civilization, an instrument of government; and he was sometimes unscrupulous enough in the use of this instrument, as, for instance, when he compelled the Saxons, by force and with unexampled cruelty, to receive baptism. Nevertheless he contributed perhaps more than any one else to make the Church a power in the history of the race, and enabled it to form during the middle ages a much-needed and highly beneficial counterpoise to the military despotism of feudalism. (Eginhard and Monk 45) His relation to the Church is strikingly characterized by a total absence of any distinction between spiritual and temporal power. Both were identical to him; and as he unquestionably was the holder of the one he necessarily came to consider himself as holder of the other too. Without paying the least regard to the Pope, whom, under other circumstances, he was not unwilling to recognize as the representative of the Church, he condemned at the synod of Frankfort (794) the decrees of the second council of Nicaea concerning image-worship. He was liberal to the Church, Churches and monasteries received enormous endowments everywhere. The first business he took in hand after conquering a new territory was the formation of dioceses, the building of churches, the foundation of missionary-stations, etc. But of this church, made great and rich by his liberality, he demanded absolute obedience. The metropolitans received the pallium from the Pope, but only with his consent; and the bishops he chose and appointed himself alone. He would have been very much surprised if any one had intimated to him what, a century later on, was preached from the roofs that there was within the Church a spiritual power to which even the emperor owed obedience. Church and State were one to him. His idea of government was theocratic, with the distinction, though, that, in his case, it was not the Church, which had absorbed the State, but the State, which identified itself with the Church. (Eginhard and Monk 47) Nothing shows more plainly than the circle of great men, which gathered around Charlemagne that the principal problem, which he expected the Church to solve, had a general civilizing bearing. All the great men of his age were connected, either as teachers or as pupils, with that school which he had founded in his palace, and which became the fertile germ of the medieval university. All these men were theologians, but not exclusively: on the contrary, their greatness was their many-sidedness. They had studied grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, classical literature, canon law, etc. They were poets, philosophers, statesmen, practical administrators, etc. They were exactly what Charlemagne wanted, men whom he could send out as legates to see how the counts were doing in the marches, or could settle as bishops in a diocese to take care, not only of the Church proper, but also of the school and the court. for, according to his ideas, the Church was an institution with many worldly duties of e ducation and jurisdiction; and consequently it became, under his hands, an institution with many worldly interests of property and ambition.(Eginhard and Monk 53) Through Charlemagne’s personality and devotion to Christianity, this led to growth and spread of Christian faith throughout the world. The church began from the medieval ages up to date. Christian faith, which started during the time of Charlemagne when he was ignited since his infancy, made a great contribution to the church today. (Claster 69) Work Cited Claster. J.N, (1982), the medieval experience 300-1400, New York and London, New York University Press Donald, B. (1965), the age of Charlemagne, London, Elek books Einhard, (1960), the life of Charlemagne, New York, University of Michigan Press Eginhard and Monk, (1926), early lives of Charlemagne, London, London: Chatto and Windus Fichtenau, H. (1978), the Carolingian empire, Toronto, University of Toronto Friedrich, H. (1975), Charlemagne and his world, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson http://www.gwleibniz.com/britannica_pages/Charlemagne/Charlemgne.html http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/036100.html http://www.historymedren.about.com/od/charlemagnestudy guide/p/sg facts.html http://www.historymedren.about.com/od/charlemagnestudguied/p/sg biography.htmldat

Isolation of a Urea Degrading Bacteria :: Biology

Isolation of a Urea Degrading Bacteria Introduction Urea was the first organic chemical to be synthetically produced1, previously it was thought that only living creatures could produce organic compounds Urea is naturally produced by the kidneys as waste from the degradation of amino acids. It is because of this that urea is commonly found in soils and is a useful nutrient source for bacteria that are able to utilise it, such as, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumonia, all species of Proteus and Micrococcus luteus. These bacteria degrade urea in a reaction catalysed by the urease enzyme, CO(NH2)2 + H2O Ã  CO2 + 2NH3. this process benefits the bacteria in several ways. The bacteria use the ammonia that is produced for respiration, the products also raise the pH of the environment. This promotes the growth of many urea degrading bacteria and inhibits competition from many other bacterial species. M. luteus is commonly found on mammalian skin and it is unusual for a member of the natural human flora to degrade urea. It is believed that M. luteus has this ability as an evolutionary hangover from its life in its ancestral soil habitat. In this environment urea is readily available and the ability to degrade it is a distinct advantage. As the species evolved to live on skin the trait remained, as it had no negative effect on survivability. Micrococcus is a genus within the Micrococcaceae family. With the use of 16s RNA in bacterial taxonomy the genus has recently been revised2. The genus now includes three species, M. luteus, M. lylae and M. antarcticus3. M. luteus is a common yellow gram-positive coccus and roughly 0.5-2.0mm in diameter. Cells appear in pairs, tetrads and irregular clusters but never in chains.4 Method of Isolation * Isolate a variety of organisms from soil and skin. By taking samples from four different sources (three skin and one soil) the chance of urea degrading bacteria being present was increased. * Culture in nutrient broth. This allowed all isolated microbes to grow. * Plate sample onto urea plates. On these plates urea was the only nutrient available, this meant that any bacteria that grew could degrade urea. * Perform urease test. Isolated bacteria are grown in a broth containing phosphate buffer, yeast extract, 2% urea and phenol red. An agar slope of the medium is heavily inoculated and incubated at 370c for at least four hours. If the organism only has low urease activity the phosphate buffer will neutralise the NH3 produced. A red colour indicates that NH3 has been produced and the result is positive5. * Perform Gram stain. This is the most important stain in bacteriology and differentiates between gram positive and gram-negative cell walls, which indicates

The Blue-collar Appeal of Hard Times Essay -- Dickens Hard Times Essay

The Blue-collar Appeal of Hard Times   Ã‚   In Hard Times, Charles Dickens gives us a close-up look into what appears to be the ivory tower of the bourgeoisie of his day, yet these middle-class characters are viewed from a singular perspective, the perspective of those at the bottom of the social and economic system. Though Dickens’ characters tend to be well developed and presented with a thoroughly human quality, the stereotypical figure of arrogant and demanding Bounderby fails to accurately capture the motivations and attitudes of the typical successful businessman of the day and is an indication of the author’s political motives. Hard Times, rather than presenting a historically accurate picture of the extraordinary changes brought about by the industrial revolution, is a one-sided attack on the utilitarian value system of the middle 19th century based upon emotional blue-collar appeals for labor sympathy that are not uncommon in today’s corporate environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Josiah Bounderby of Coketown represents the utilitarian attitude and, as such, is the villain of the story and clearly the target of Dickens’ political argument. Dickens characterizes Bounderby as a powerful individual, driven by greed and guided by a distorted view of human nature. He is the only wealthy industrialist introduced in Hard Times, although Mr. Sleary might arguably be considered the more virtuous businessman. Dickens clearly portrays Bounderby as a greedy and individualistic, self-serving capitalist; rather than an insightful, forward-looking crafter of a new industrial age. Dickens artfully weaves his political enemy into a pompous, arrogant image reinforced with traditional working-class themes that lead the reader to conclude that Bounderby, ... ...nate and truly human society should strive to benefit all classes of its citizens.    Works Cited Coolidge, Archibald C., Jr. Charles Dickens as Serial Novelist. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1967. Hayek, F. A., ed. Capitalism and the Historians. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1954. Laughlin, J. Lawrence. The Elements of Political Economy. New York, NY: 1896. Malthus, Thomas. First Essay on Population, 1798. London, England: Macmillan & Company. 1926. Marx, Karl. "Capital." Great Books of the Western World. Vol. 50. Ed. Robert Hutchins. Chicago, IL: Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 1982. Veblen, Thorstein. Selected Writings of Thorstein Veblen. Ed. Wesley C. Mitchell. New York, NY: Viking Press. 1947. Wilson, John F. British Business History: 1720-1994. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 1995.      

Is Religion Just a Joke? Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

Is Religion Just a Joke? Driving with my friend to the movies one evening last winter we discovered a group of people bundled up and picketing by The Safari movie theatre in Moorhead.à  My friend and I didn’t know what movie we wanted to watch, but these protesters made up our mind.à  We decided to see the movie â€Å"Dogma† because that was the very movie these outraged people were boycotting.à  Sometimes people carry their religion to the point where it has an adverse effect on people.à  This was the case that evening. As we watched â€Å"Dogma,† my friend and I laughed hysterically.à  It wasn’t nearly as bad as the protestors suggested.à  The view the â€Å"outraged Christians† and I seemed to disagree on was they took the movie literally, whereas I personally took it as mere fiction.à  In my opinion, it was just another religious comedy to bring the sometimes-scary topic of â€Å"religion† down to a point that seems more human in the eyes of the average American today. By making the topic of religion humorous, we as a society can take a look at the different aspects of this complicated and controversial issue.à  What is ethically right or wrong has been seen in many issues such as cloning, euthanasia, and abortion.à  Religion, along with these other issues, is often hard to confront.à  With the aid of movies, such as â€Å"Dogma† and â€Å"Keeping the Faith,† we are able to delve into the issue of religion more easily.à  Let us now take a look at these two movies.à  â€Å"Keeping the Faith† starts with a priest, Brian Finn, played by Edward Norton, telling his complicated story to the local bartender in New York who thinks he’s heard it all already.à  Brian tells of a childhood friendship between himself, Jake Schram, and a girl named Anna Reilly.à  The three... ...ck Jesus, a thirteenth apostle played by Chris Rock who was written out of the bible because he was black (having a black savior is okay, but not a black apostle), Mary not being a virgin, after all, â€Å"Do you think Joseph would stay around if he wasn’t getting any?,† and God being a woman.à  Anyone who would take these humorous and outrageous suggestions literally is more of a joke than this movie.à  In my opinion, a movie is just a movie and nothing more, other than to bring into focus a difficult subject matter.à  Therefore, funny movies about religion actually help viewers think critically about religion.à  The protestors seemed to want to make the religious comedy genre be blasphemy on God, where that is not what the movie was trying to do.à  Which brings out the question: Who is making religion a joke?à  -The movies? -Or the people carrying their religion too far?

Identity forming in adolescents Essay

We may understand this age group if we look at its place on the growth sequence of Erik Erikson. Notice how it is right next to the adult stage, the last step before being an adult. This is a time for adolescents to decide about their future line of work and think about starting their own families in a few years. One of the first things they must do is to start making their own decisions. For example, adolescents can begin to decide what to buy with their own money or who will be their friend. To do this they must put a little distance between themselves and their parents. This does not mean that parents cannot continue to look after them’ or help them when needed. Parents should, as much as possible, let them learn from the results of their actions. Adolescents also need to be around other adults, both male and female. These can be relatives, neighbors, or teachers. Of course, they should be positive role models. Teenagers can learn from them about things like how to fix the car, getting along with others, or ideas for future jobs. Finally, adoles ¬cents want to spend time alone. They might be planning the things they can do or will buy when they grow up. Identity forming may be an emotional turbulent phase of life in adolescents, due in part to the physical and mental changes they are experiencing. Adolescence is a stage, which is associated with considerable changes in self. Erik Erikson (1968) recognized adolescence as a major life stage for identity formation, and individual development within a social context. He argued that adolescents must receive community acceptance for their behavior. Erikson also spoke of the role of intergenerational socialization where society must provide for a mutual trustworthiness to assure self-chosen values and interests. Achieving a sense of identity is a fundamental task for adolescents. The clear sense of personal identity constitutes an aspect of optimal psychological functioning (Erikson, 1968). Adolescents face a range of developmental issues. Havighurst (1952) suggested that two important areas included work and relationships. Levinson (1978) focused on changing relationships and on exploration, while Erikson (1968) commented on intimacy and commitment to goals. Super (1963) indicated that exploring and crystallizing vocational choice are important to older adolescents and young adults. What seems evident is that older adolescents and young adults enter transitions with the goal of becoming independently functioning adults, as they strive to meet evolving personal and career related needs. Rapid and escalating changes in labor market and post-secondary educational opportunities mean that adolescents now are confronted with the challenge of meeting their personal and career needs when neither can offer certainty or a sense of personal control. According to Erikson, there are eight stages of human development. Each of the stage focuses on a different conflict that needs to be solved in order to develop successfully into the next stages of life. The idea is that if one stage is not resolved, one might have a difficulty to deal with the succeeding stages and the failure will come back at some point later in life. Puberty marks the beginning of stage five, identity versus role confusion. This stage occurs between ages twelve to eighteen. Erikson defined this stage as the time when adolescents develop a sense of self. They tend to question who they are and what they want to do with their lives. They will associate all of their experiences and differentiate their various roles up until that moment – dependent child, autonomy, initiative and achievement – into a secure individuality. If unresolved past crises have followed them into stage five, they will experience identity as role confusion. In other words, they will have no idea of who they are or what they would like to be. Peter Pan, the fairytale story of the childlike individual who refused to grow up, is a perfect example of this role confusion. These individuals are constantly searching to fill their emotional needs through relationships with others. Just as Peter Pan looked to Wendy for affection and nurturance, these individuals do the same because they lack self-soothing skills. This is what we sometimes call â€Å"low emotional quotients. † They often have very low self-confidence and they fear exploring new things and meeting new people. All of the child’s experiences were carried up to this transitional stage. The attachment and bonding that the infant learned in infancy during stage one provides security that is needed in this stage to be able to relate to the opposite sex. The ability to set boundaries and say no from stage two provides the structure needed to establish sexual boundaries. The sexual exploration experienced by the child during stage three and the reaction of parents will help determine a positive or negative self-perception regarding the body as good or bad. Stage four taught the youngster social and educational skills in grade school which will now determine the attitude towards future academic education and the social path to follow. Any of the previous tasks that were difficult to master will now affect the transition into adolescence. Since this is an awkward time of life, peer approval becomes even more important because it rests on the child’s entire self-esteem when being judged by others. Physical development occurs during this period when males experience voice changes, acne, and baby fat. Girls experience emotional difficulties and are most conscious of their body image. It is during this time that girls will develop eating disorders because they tend to be so critical of their bodies. This period is very similar to stage two when the young child learned how to say â€Å"no†. Rebelling is a large part of the adolescent’s life at this time when feelings of insecurity surface. During stage five â€Å"puppy love† occurs and everyone talks about who is dating whom. If the adolescent has had difficulty with trust and self-esteem issues prior to this stage, he may feel too shy to go steady and may isolate from others. This a time when adolescents have difficulty coping with everyday problems. If earlier tasks were successfully mastered then there will be little difficulty in coping with new problems that will arise. Peer Pressure During adolescence, it is more likely that an individual has trouble in deciding what to do with his life and what to do to â€Å"fit in† and be considered â€Å"cool†. One may act and think as if an adult but is not really considered as one in a real adult’s world. They will try so hard to separate themselves and be considered different from children but will somehow have difficulty proving it to people. Peer pressure comes in when an adolescent tries so hard to do what others do to make him feel like he belongs to a certain group. The feeling of belongingness is very important to an adolescent during this stage as it somehow gives him an identity derived from the group where he belongs. This identity may be â€Å"elite†, â€Å"intelligent†, â€Å"rebel†, â€Å"notorious†, â€Å"cool†, â€Å"popular† and so on. The image an adolescent exudes is as important as if that is what only matters. One may do things upon urging and taunting of his peers. Peer pressure may push one to do irrational things just to be able to be accepted by his colleagues. One episode of Nip Tuck about Matt circumcising himself – when his surgeon father would not do it – is an example of this. Another example is the latest craze among youths in South Korea. Since image and appearance plays a very important part in an adolescent’s life, one may go to extremes such as plastic surgery. Having bigger eyes is every girl’s dream in South Korea. Teenagers as young as 14 are doing it, and eye jobs have become a favorite high school graduation gift from proud parents (Ko 2002). Substance Abuse Puberty is the most critical stage in one’s life. This is the stage where adolescents sometimes withdraw from the family and turn to substance abuse to avoid the pain that accompanies the stress and anxiety that they experience. According to the Adolescent substance abuse knowledge base (1999): The primary factors that seem to affect increased or decreased drug use among teens are perceived risk, perceived social approval, and perceived availability. The more risky or less accepted a drug is thought to be; the less likely it will be used by teens. Perceived availability is often associated with overall social approval, and so, a drug that is readily available is considered socially acceptable and will likely increase in use. While these seem like common sense factors, how these perceptions are created is harder to understand. Parents may not realize just how easy it is for youths to get illicit drugs. They may not realize how young children are when they begin to experiment with alcohol and drugs. Statistics can alert parents to the need to communicate with their children about the dangers of substance abuse and help them develop strategies to cope with peer pressure. In the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA), approximately 13 percent of youths aged 12 to 17 reported past month use of cigarettes, and more than 4 percent reported smoking daily during the past month of the same year. This is equivalent to approximately 3 million past month smokers, including almost 1 million daily smokers among youths. Approximately 16 percent of youths had used alcohol within the past month, including 10 percent reporting binge use – had five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. Three percent reporting heavy alcohol use – had five or more drinks on the same occasion on each of five or more days in the past 30 days. The proportion translates to almost 4 million past month alcohol users, including almost 2. 5 million binge alcohol users, and 0. 6 million heavy alcohol users among youths. Media Influences There are so many television commercials nowadays showing an underage TV character commenting about drinking beer, using condoms, picking out cigarette brands and so on. Most of the parents change the channel when a character joked about â€Å"smoking a joint† or having a â€Å"one-night stand† when their child is around. Television, music, and advertisements flood children and youth with messages that may go against what that they have heard at home and school. Some messages teach children that alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs are dangerous; other messages make drugs and alcohol look cool and make you â€Å"fit in† in the society. Of the many factors influencing adolescents to begin, or not to begin smoking, drinking, and having sexual intercourse, a prominent and likely one is information conveyed via mass media. Despite restrictions on some mass media advertising for tobacco products or alcoholic beverages, even condom brands, young audiences still encounter substantial media content related to those across virtually all media channels. Society and social scientists alike have long assumed that there are direct effects, perhaps powerful effects, of media messages on individuals. Lay people and researchers make this assumption because it is intuitively reasonable: persuasive media messages surely influence youth. One thing that parents can do is to use messages from the media – TV, music, and ads – to talk with their children about tough issues like alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. Talking during commercials can help promote a positive relationship between parents and their children. In many ways, these moments may be more effective than long, planned discussions – when these young adults are likely to tune out. The media’s influence on everyone, particularly on adolescents, is great. However, when properly guided by the parents, this particularly difficult stage of forming identity among youths may be lessened, as they understand how things are seen in the adult world and in another perspective other than theirs. CONCLUSION Developmentally, the young people were trying to meet personal and emotional needs, while in a state of flux and uncertainty in identity forming. It was apparent that a lack of progress in one area could have a negative influence on the other areas. Parental guidance, understanding and nurturing is of utmost importance on this most critical stage of a person’s life. In general, Erickson’s Theory of Human Development is widely accepted and plays a major role in all human and psychological development studies and theories. The best advice is to use the theory as a framework or map for understanding and identifying what issues or conflicts unresolved lead to current behavior and preparing for the stages to come. References Adolescent Substance Abuse Knowledge Base. (1999). Retrieved on November 29, 2006 from http://www. adolescent-substance-abuse. com/. â€Å"Erikson, Erik. † (2001). Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia. â€Å"Personal Identity. † (2001). Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia. Erikson, Erik H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed. ) New York: Norton. Erikson, Erik. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton. Havighurst, R. J. (1952). Developmental tasks and education. New York: David McKay. Health and Human Services. (2001). HHS Report Shows Drug Use Rates Stable, Youth Tobacco Use Declines. United States Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved on December 1, 2006 from http://www. hhs. gov/news/press/2001pres/20011004a. html. Ko, Chisu (2002). Peer Pressure Plastics. TIME Asia magazine. Retrieved on November 29, 2006 from http://www. time. com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501020805-332098,00. html Levinson, D. (1978). The seasons of a man’s life. New York: Ballantine. Meyer, William J. (2001). â€Å"Developmental Psychology. † Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia Super, D. E. (1963). Career development: Essays in vocational development. New York: College Entrance Examination Board.