Meaning of the Crude Birth Rate and Crude Death Rate

The crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CBR) are statistical values that can be used to measure the growth or decline of a population. Definitions The crude birth rate and crude death rate are both measured by the rate of births or deaths respectively among a population of 1,000. The CBR and CDR are determined by taking the total number of births or deaths in a population and dividing both values by a number to obtain the rate per 1,000. For example, if a country has a population of 1  million, and 15,000 babies were born last year in that country, we divide both the 15,000 and 1,000,000 by 1,000 to obtain the rate per 1,000. Thus the crude birth rate is 15 per 1,000. The crude birth rate is called crude because it does not take into account age or sex differences among the population. In our hypothetical country, the rate is 15 births for every 1,000 people, but the likelihood is that around 500 of those 1,000 people are men, and of the 500 who are women, only a certain percentage are capable of giving birth in a given year. Birth Trends Crude birth rates of more than 30 per 1,000 are considered high, and rates of less than 18 per 1,000 are considered low. The global crude birth rate in 2016 was 19 per 1,000. In 2016, crude birth rates ranged from 8 per 1,000 in countries such as Japan, Italy, Republic of Korea, and Portugal  to 48 in Niger. The CBR in the United States continued  trending down, as it did for the entire world since peaking in 1963, coming in at 12 per 1,000. By comparison in 1963, the worlds  crude birth rate hit more than 36. Many African countries have a very high crude birth rate, and women in those countries have a high total fertility rate, meaning they give births to many children in their lifetime. Countries with a low fertility rate (and low crude birth rate of 10 to 12 in 2016) include European nations, the United States, and China. Death Trends The crude death rate measures the rate of deaths for every 1,000 people in a given population. Crude death rates of below 10 are considered low, while crude death rates above 20 per 1,000 are considered high. Crude death rates in 2016 ranged from 2 in Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Bahrain  to 15 per 1,000 in Latvia, Ukraine, and Bulgaria.   The global crude death rate in 2016 was 7.6, and in the United  States,  the rate was 8  per 1,000.  The  crude death rate for the world has been on the decline since 1960 when it came in at 17.7. It has been falling around the world (and dramatically in developing economies) due to longer life spans  brought about by a better food supplies and distribution, better nutrition, better and more widely available medical care (and the development of technologies such as immunizations and antibiotics), improvements in sanitation and hygiene, and clean water supplies.  Much of the increase in world population over the last century overall has been attributed more to longer life expectancies rather than an increase in births.

Theory Of Consumers Choice And Frontiers Of Microeconomics

Theory of Consumers Choice and Frontiers of Microeconomics The consumer’s choice theory studies how consumers make decisions and how they respond to changes in the environment (Mankiw, 2015). In today’s society, there are many changes, and as the years go on and innovations come forth, people are bound to change the way they live their life. As firms produce new and improved products, consumers will continue to buy into them. With the change in economy, people are known to make decisions based on their budgets, their needs, and their wants (Mankiw, 2015). Consumers are supposed to make economically rational decisions, maximizing their pleasures, but consumers are not rational at all (Thompson, 2013). The Impact on Demand Curves People can be surprising, the economy is thought to think and make decisions based on personal interests. With those decisions, it tends to impact the demand curve. The demand curve shows how the demand for a good or service varies when there is a change in price. It can be calculated by the willingness of the consumer in purchasing those products (â€Å"Impact of Price on Consumer Choices†, 2016). As the firms raise prices on their products to afford production costs and other expenses, consumers will tend to purchase less, creating a downward slope. As mentioned earlier, people can be surprising. A demand curve has had a surprising upward slope, when consumers purchase more products, as the prices increase (Mankiw, 2015). With a steady economyShow MoreRelatedEconomics As An Area Of Study And Research1372 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious economic factors that determine how economies work (Marshall 2004). Understanding of economics calls for the division of the subject into two main branches. The areas are microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the basic form of economics in the society. 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Importance of Communication and Patient Safety

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Professional Communication and Patient Safety. Answer: The patient-oriented care is essential for healthcare professionals in order to provide effective treatment and maintaining the safety by undertaking different values such as empathy, autonomy, choice, desire, dignity, respect, transparency and others. Furthermore, the patient-oriented treatment can be effectively undertaken by optimal regulation of effectual communication to be initiated by the healthcare professionals to the patient under distress. This effective communication must be recorded by especially electronic measures, must be circulated among different associated healthcare professionals for targeting the severe prevailing condition among patients, and must be confidentially undertaken to maintain the safety of the patient (Riley, 2015). The essay determines the importance of effective communication between the healthcare professionals and patients and discusses the importance of effective recordkeeping. This essay outlines the role of professional communication, recordkeeping and its implications while regulation of the treatment and the maintenance of the safety among patients. Communication plays an essential role in formulation, regulation and implementation of patient and associated family oriented remedial interventions. Furthermore, this allows healthcare professionals to provide optimal safety to the patient in terms of regulating the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions (Ballangrud, Hall-Lord, Persenius, Hedelin, 2014). The effectiveness of communication can be enhanced by establishing a mutualistic friendly relationship between the healthcare professional and patient. Furthermore, initiation has to be taken by the practitioners in accordance with the regulating optimal safety, friendly communication, maintaining privacy, optimal judgement on the prevailing condition, concerned participation and respecting the beliefs of the patient. The resultant of effectual communication soothes the stressful patients allowing them to respond better to the imparted treatment that is in accordance with preserving their beliefs leading to early dis charge from the healthcare facility. Additionally, communication must be documented efficaciously that leads to formation of patient record and must be circulated effectively among associated practitioners. This allows optimal transferring of critical information among healthcare professionals for enhanced and targeted treatment (Burnard Gill). In accordance with the Australian Charter of Healthcare Rights, for the implementation and regulation of effective remedial treatment certain factors such as safety of patient, active participation, comment, respect, privacy and communication are integral components leading to effective imparting of remedial treatment (Arnold Boggs, 2015). The healthcare professionals must ensure safety of patient by respecting the dignity, moral and ethical values of the patient. Furthermore, optical communication must be undertaken in accordance with active participation by the healthcare professionals and regularly commenting on the concerns and needs of the patient. Lastly, maintenance of the privacy plays an essential role that must be effectively undertaken after the communication by maintaining confidentiality of the information of patient. Additionally, in accordance with the above mentioned factors, a healthy discussion must be undertaken on somatic and mental distress, answering queries of the patients, optimal understanding of the condition of the patient through effective questioning, optimal imparting of information on the remedial treatment, efficacious pain management, awareness on rights and responsibilities of the patient while conduction of the treatment (Ryan, 2016). Effective communication must undertake the safety of the patients by legally preserving their rights and undertaking optimal compliance with pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, stress management, pain management, maintaining optimal functioning of them, balancing the psychological status, decreasing the cost of treatment, building of self esteem and many others. Furthermore, undertaking of these factors in providing remedial treatment will help the healthcare professionals in building effective relationship with the patients (Slade, et al., 2015). The patient-centered care is essential components of imparting of effective remedial treatment and can be undertaken with optimal communication and regulation of the patient safety whiles the regulation of treatment. Furthermore, all the factors that affect optimal communication coincide with factors of regulating patient-oriented treatment. The healthcare professionals must respect the life experiences of the patients based on their social, cultural, psychosocial and economic beliefs. Furthermore, professionals must promote active involvement of the patient, associated family members, and must regularly create awareness in accordance with the references for the remedial treatment by the patients. In accordance with this, the main aim of all professionals practicing must provide somatic and mental relief and maintain dignity of the patient throughout the treatment (Gluyas, 2015). Effective follow up of this procedure will ensure patient safety in accordance with regulation of effecti ve treatment to be imparted to the patient. Additionally, the main aim of effective documentation is to formulate a record keeping that must be environment friendly, timely updated, confidential and accurate. Different healthcare professionals such as nurses and midwifery practitioners must regular undertake the practice of optimal record keeping to be circulated among different healthcare professionals in accordance with the Change of Shift Report (CoSR). In addition to this, the most essential point need to be followed by the practitioners is that there should be no scope for errors in the recorded document. This is so because an error in the document can lead to regulation of wrong treatment by other professionals that can be extremely detrimental for the wellbeing of the patient. Furthermore, the latest technology used for maintaining and updating the patient record is undertaking of Electronic Health Records (EHR). This method undertakes electronic recording of the information of the patient electronically in order to get rid of the barriers of manual recordkeeping such as paper damage, large storage area and many others (Cherry Jacob, 2016). Conclusively, the role of healthcare professionals in providing optimal remedial treatment is extremely tough. Furthermore, they are required to be experienced in terms of imparting effective treatment through effective communication and must be open-minded in order to respect the moral and cultural beliefs of the patients in order to provide patient-oriented treatment. The remedial treatment is required to be patient-oriented and can be effectively undertaken with the help of effective communication only. Furthermore, the healthcare professionals can only regulate effective communication by providing friendly and relaxed environment to the patient that can assist the patient in responding better to the needs and requirements of him regarding the treatment. Besides this, optimal recording of the communication must also be undertaken in order to record each detail associated with the patient that will eventually help the healthcare professionals with formulating, implementing and regu lating patient-oriented treatment in accordance with maintain the confidentially to the patient. In accordance with this, maintenance of the confidentially will also protect and preserve the ethics and integrity of the patient suffering from severe conditions. Bibliography Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015). Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Ballangrud, R., Hall-Lord, M. L., Persenius, M., Hedelin, B. (2014). Intensive care nurses perceptions of simulation-based team training for building patient safety in intensive care: A descriptive qualitative study. . Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. Burnard, P., Gill, P. (n.d.). Culture, communication and nursing. . 2014: Routledge. Cherry, B., Jacob, S. R. (2016). Contemporary nursing: Issues, trends, management. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gluyas, H. (2015). Effective communication and teamwork promotes patient safety. . Nursing Standard, , 50-57. Riley, J. B. (2015). Communication in nursing. . Elsevier Health Sciences. Ryan, C. A. (2016). The Power to drive change: working together for excellence. Creating a continuously improving consumer engagement framework for excellence in patient-centered care. . World Hosp Health Serv, , 37-41. Slade, D., Manidis, M., McGregor, J., Scheeres, H., Chandler, E., Stein-Parbury, J., Matthiessen, C. M. (2015). The Role of Communication in Safe and Effective Health Care. In Communicating in Hospital Emergency Departments . Springer Berlin Heidelberg., (pp. 1-23).

Liquid Chromatography free essay sample

What is meant by polarity of molecules? What causes differences in polarity? The polarity of molecules is the slight charge associated with a covalent molecule due to the uneven sharing of electrons. Electrons, being the source of mobile charge within atoms, can be attracted to one of a pair of atoms within a bond, due to a greater of affinity of electrons by an element compared to another. With an excess of this negative charge carriers, one side of the molecule becomes more negative than the other, thus creating two distinct â€Å"poles†: a positive end and a negative one. Differences in polarity are due to the greater affinity for electrons by certain elements contrasted with others, such as oxygen over hydrogen. 2. In discussing solubility, the rule â€Å"like dissolves like† is frequently used. What does this mean? This term means that: * Solvent and solute have similar/compatible structures: causes solute to readily dissolve in the solvent * Example: Water (H2O) participates in hydrogen and so does methanol CH4O; thus, methanol readily dissolves when placed in water 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Liquid Chromatography or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Draw the structural formula of isopropyl alcohol.